This article deals in depth with Gamma and False Profile.
\nGamma is very often misunderstood, possibly because it is so incredibly powerful. It is just a number, but it defines the relationship between code value (in an 8-bit image, this means from 0 through 255) and luminance. If you want to put it as simply as possible, gamma is an exponent\u2026<\/h4>\n<\/blockquote>\nQuesto contenuto \u00e8 disponibile solo in inglese.<\/address>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”off” specialty=”on”][et_pb_column type=”3_4″ specialty_columns=”3″][et_pb_row_inner][et_pb_column_inner type=”4_4″ saved_specialty_column_type=”3_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=”Text – part one” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” module_alignment=”left”]<\/p>\n
Part One | Some questions are dangerous, but some color profiles are curves.<\/h3>\n
A false profile (that is, a profile with a non-standard gamma value) can be expressed as pencil-drawn curves generated by Photoshop. While this has little practical relevance, it allows us to understand what assigning a false profile actually does to an image by simply inspecting the shape of a curve.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider admin_label=”Divider 10″ color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”10″ \/][et_pb_toggle admin_label=”Toggle – Dangerous Questions” title=”Dangerous Questions” open=”off”]<\/p>\n
The apparent simplicity of a question is often deceptive. If in doubt, try these:<\/p>\n
Question #1:<\/p>\n
Can you name the elderly lady who lives above the bakery located at number 52 in Wye Close, Porton, Wiltshire, United Kingdom?<\/em><\/p>\nQuestion #2:<\/p>\n
What is the meaning of life?<\/em><\/p>\nAn alternate way to state question #2 is in the caption of the following figure.<\/p>\n
![\"Beverly](\"https:\/\/d3qibwwkc7urrh.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/28173205\/00_gamma_2_2_1_5_3_0.jpg\")
An original, two false profiles. Which is which? Which is true? How many can there be?<\/p><\/div>\n
It takes 22 words to state the first question and just 6 for the second. The first sounds like an impossible challenge \u2013 and indeed it may take some time to work out an answer. But there\u2019s a failsafe method to get there:<\/p>\n
\n- Bring yourself to England.<\/li>\n
- Drive to Wiltshire.<\/li>\n
- Find Porton.<\/li>\n
- Find the Close.<\/li>\n
- Find the house.<\/li>\n
- Ask the baker.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u201cG<\/strong>uinevere C<\/strong>atherine R<\/strong>odgers.\u201d <\/em>Solved. Nevermind.<\/p>\nLet\u2019s see where question #2 may lead:<\/p>\n
\n- Silence.<\/li>\n
- Silence.<\/li>\n
- […]<\/li>\n
- Silence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u201cDan Margulis, we have a problem.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle admin_label=”Toggle – Dangerous Friends” title=”Dangerous Friends” open=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_style_all=”solid”]<\/p>\n
![\"01_Gamma_Curve\"](\"https:\/\/d3qibwwkc7urrh.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/28173204\/01_Gamma_Curve.jpg\")
Not quite your regular curve. Believe me.<\/p><\/div>\n
Let me state once and for all that Davide Barranca<\/strong>, aka DB, isn\u2019t a very nice guy and belongs to a very<\/em> dangerous category of human beings. The main problem is that his questions sound like #1, yet they hide the complexity of #2. He recently asked one, in his usual gentle way: \u201cdo you have an idea why\u2026?\u201d<\/p>\nMy first reaction was more or less along the way of \u201cPiece of cake!\u201d. The result: two weeks later I was staring at a crack in the wall in front of me and the cake was completely rotten. Yes, I did cry a bit, too \u2013 since I you ask. The actual question was: could you tell why a low-gamma false profile in Multiply mode usually works well, while a high-gamma false profile in Screen mode looks horrible?<\/em> Frankly, he didn\u2019t actually say \u201clooks horrible\u201d \u2013 he was a lot more explicit, but at least you got the idea.<\/p>\nDB, aka Davide Barranca, has a good habit, though: when you\u2019re stuck he\u2019ll often send you a link to some article on some obscure website. These e-mails seemingly come out of nowhere and while you won\u2019t immediately understand what he has in mind, if you\u2019re patient enough you will often discover that there is a tiny light hidden in them. Follow it patiently, and it may turn into something which remotely resembles an embrionic answer to the original question. Many mumblings and a few curses later, the answer finally rears its head \u2013 not necessarily an ugly one.<\/p>\n
I like coincidences, and here\u2019s one. The link, first: click here<\/a>. [NOTICE: the link is unfortunately broken and the article seems to be unavailable. I leave it here in the hope that it may reappear sometime. MO]\u00a0<\/em>This article by Martin Evening<\/strong> was published on September 5th, 2007. I didn\u2019t notice until I started writing this \u2013 and today, as I write this, is September 5th, 2011. Maybe I\u2019m on the right track? The article ranks as \u201cdifficult\u201d, I\u2019m afraid, but the basic idea is this: you\u2019re certainly aware of Blend Modes and you\u2019re certainly aware of Curves. Well, they are the same thing: you can mimic (almost) any Blend Mode with a curve.<\/em> And if you\u2019re concerned about how close a curve may bring you to a Blend Mode, the answer is easy and clear: the two results are identical by whatever sensible standard.<\/em><\/p>\nIf you\u2019re interested in how this can be done, go and read the article<\/a> \u2013 the recipe is in there. Good luck, will I add \u2013 for it\u2019s not, I repeat, not<\/em> for the fraidy-cat. But after wondering why DB had sent me into the forest, I started seeing a thin line through the trees. And I thought \u2013 if it can be done with Blend Modes then it can be done with something else, possibly?<\/p>\nEnough of this. Let\u2019s dive straight in, sharks and all. Take a look at these pictures.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle admin_label=”Toggle – A Profile is a Curve” title=”A Profile is a Curve” open=”off”]<\/p>\n
![\"02_Cart_Comparison-1024x341\"](\"https:\/\/d3qibwwkc7urrh.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/28173202\/02_Cart_Comparison-1024x341.jpg\")
Left: the original (sRGB) \u2013 Center: sRGB, gamma 1.5 \u2013 Right: a curve emulating the false profile.<\/p><\/div>\n
The picture on the left is a crop from a photograph which I\u2019ve chosen because it has both very bright highlights and very deep shadows. The original is tagged sRGB, hence it has a 2.2 gamma. At the center, the same picture with a false profile, sRGB, 1.5 gamma, and converted back to standard sRGB. On the right, the original treated with a curve which I built in an attempt to emulate the false profile.<\/p>\n
The effect of the false profile is, of course, to lighten up the picture. In case this is not clear you should go and read the original article<\/a> by DB.<\/p>\nIf you\u2019re curious which curve I\u2019ve used, you\u2019ve seen it in the second image of this post. Notice that the curve is not a regular Bezier curve, but something computer-generated which is loaded as a preset of a pencil-drawn curve (notice the small selected icon in the top left corner). I don\u2019t think there\u2019s a way on Earth to exactly match this curve with a Bezier shape especially because, if you look carefully, the very first segment of the curve in the deep shadows is linear. The curve you see is indeed made by two different curves<\/em> aptly joined. The reasons for this are complex and we\u2019ll discuss them later, but for now we can say this has a somewhat serious impact on the behaviour of false profiles in the shadows \u2013 and not just the shadows.<\/p>\nCan you see a difference between the central and rightmost picture? I can\u2019t, but maybe the differences are too tiny to be visible. Photoshop can help us, in these cases: what we need to do is make a two-layer document, overlay the two pictures we want to check and put the topmost layer in Difference Blend Mode. The result \u2013 and probably the less interesting image ever to appear in the RBG Blog \u2013 is this:<\/p>\n
\n![\"03_Cart_Difference\"](\"https:\/\/d3qibwwkc7urrh.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/28173201\/03_Cart_Difference.jpg\")
The difference between the rightmost and central image.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
The numerical difference between the two files is not due to an error in the process, but to rounding errors. The file we\u2019re working on is 8-bit: any operation, in principle, can cause a rounding error in the least significant bit, and we need two operations to obtain the central image: first, a false profile is assigned; second, the image is converted back to standard sRGB. One operation only is required\u00a0 to obtain the rightmost image: a Curve. Assigning and converting, as well as curving, can induce errors. If you don\u2019t believe it, try this: start from an sRGB image; duplicate it; convert the duplicate to Adobe RGB; convert it back to sRGB; take the difference of the resulting image and the original one. The result is of course black, but you can already see a deviation of 1 RGB point in each channel, randomly. Calling that \u201ca difference\u201d implies that we\u2019re relying purely on mathematics. From a visual point of view, though, it would be awkward to say that the doubly converted version shows a noticeable deviation from the original, simply because no human eye could ever see it.<\/p>\n
Conclusion: by whatever sensible standard, the two images above (central and rightmost) are visually identical<\/em>. You can try this on 10, 50, 2000 images: if the result is constant (and it is, believe me) then the only possible conclusion is that the curve used to produce the rightmost image is a perfect emulation of the assignment of a false profile.<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle admin_label=”Toggle – But is it Useful?” title=”But is it Useful?” open=”off”]<\/p>\n
The question is, of course, whether there is any advantage in making a complex curve and use it as a substitute of a false profile. The answer is: in practice, no. But, as we\u2019ll see in the next parts of this article, there is a serious theoretical advantage: we can mimic very complex operations with curves and have the immediate visual feedback of what these operations do.<\/p>\n
Consider also that in practice you would need a curve preset for:<\/p>\n
\n- every profile you\u2019re planning to use;<\/li>\n
- every false gamma you\u2019re planning to use with each profile.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
In other words, if your scope is to convert sRGB and Adobe RGB files from their original gamma to 1.5 and 3.0 gamma, you would need four different presets: one for sRGB going from 2.2 gamma to 1.5, one for Adobe RGB going from 2.2 gamma to 1.5, and so on. A panel<\/a> like the one written by Giuliana Abbiati<\/strong> contains no less than 54 presets. These would need, in turn, 54 curves presets to be matched.<\/p>\nSo, what we need to do is simply learn to visualize what complex operations involving false profiles will do: and we can do this simply by looking at the shape of a curve.<\/p>\n
As a final word, the most important message in this article is that the United Kingdom certainly exists, and so do Wiltshire and Porton. While Porton<\/a> may not be the best place for an elderly lady to live, I admittedly have no idea whether Wye Close is a real street name in the village, nor I know if there\u2019s a bakery located at number 52. But, were it so, I would be totally astonished to discover that GCR lives above it.<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column_inner][\/et_pb_row_inner][et_pb_row_inner][et_pb_column_inner type=”4_4″ saved_specialty_column_type=”3_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=”Text – part two” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” module_alignment=”left”]<\/p>\n
Part Two | The meaning of \u201cgamma\u201d, how the thing works, and where the grays all<\/h3>\n
Carrying it further: the curves used to mimic false profiles are shown and discussed, as well as the meaning of the gamma parameter. All in preparation for the final step \u2013 the horrendous reply to Davide Barranca\u2019s original question.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider admin_label=”Divider 10″ color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”10″ \/][et_pb_toggle admin_label=”Toggle – Gamma Explained” title=”Gamma Explained” open=”off”]<\/p>\n
Gamma is very often misunderstood, possibly because it is so incredibly powerful. It is just a number, but it defines the relationship between code value (in an 8-bit image, this means from 0 through 255) and luminance. If you want to put it as simply as possible, gamma is an exponent.<\/p>\n
Question #2:<\/p>\n
What is the meaning of life?<\/em><\/p>\n An alternate way to state question #2 is in the caption of the following figure.<\/p>\n An original, two false profiles. Which is which? Which is true? How many can there be?<\/p><\/div>\n It takes 22 words to state the first question and just 6 for the second. The first sounds like an impossible challenge \u2013 and indeed it may take some time to work out an answer. But there\u2019s a failsafe method to get there:<\/p>\n \u201cG<\/strong>uinevere C<\/strong>atherine R<\/strong>odgers.\u201d <\/em>Solved. Nevermind.<\/p>\n Let\u2019s see where question #2 may lead:<\/p>\n \u201cDan Margulis, we have a problem.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle admin_label=”Toggle – Dangerous Friends” title=”Dangerous Friends” open=”off” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_style_all=”solid”]<\/p>\n Not quite your regular curve. Believe me.<\/p><\/div>\n Let me state once and for all that Davide Barranca<\/strong>, aka DB, isn\u2019t a very nice guy and belongs to a very<\/em> dangerous category of human beings. The main problem is that his questions sound like #1, yet they hide the complexity of #2. He recently asked one, in his usual gentle way: \u201cdo you have an idea why\u2026?\u201d<\/p>\n My first reaction was more or less along the way of \u201cPiece of cake!\u201d. The result: two weeks later I was staring at a crack in the wall in front of me and the cake was completely rotten. Yes, I did cry a bit, too \u2013 since I you ask. The actual question was: could you tell why a low-gamma false profile in Multiply mode usually works well, while a high-gamma false profile in Screen mode looks horrible?<\/em> Frankly, he didn\u2019t actually say \u201clooks horrible\u201d \u2013 he was a lot more explicit, but at least you got the idea.<\/p>\n DB, aka Davide Barranca, has a good habit, though: when you\u2019re stuck he\u2019ll often send you a link to some article on some obscure website. These e-mails seemingly come out of nowhere and while you won\u2019t immediately understand what he has in mind, if you\u2019re patient enough you will often discover that there is a tiny light hidden in them. Follow it patiently, and it may turn into something which remotely resembles an embrionic answer to the original question. Many mumblings and a few curses later, the answer finally rears its head \u2013 not necessarily an ugly one.<\/p>\n I like coincidences, and here\u2019s one. The link, first: click here<\/a>. [NOTICE: the link is unfortunately broken and the article seems to be unavailable. I leave it here in the hope that it may reappear sometime. MO]\u00a0<\/em>This article by Martin Evening<\/strong> was published on September 5th, 2007. I didn\u2019t notice until I started writing this \u2013 and today, as I write this, is September 5th, 2011. Maybe I\u2019m on the right track? The article ranks as \u201cdifficult\u201d, I\u2019m afraid, but the basic idea is this: you\u2019re certainly aware of Blend Modes and you\u2019re certainly aware of Curves. Well, they are the same thing: you can mimic (almost) any Blend Mode with a curve.<\/em> And if you\u2019re concerned about how close a curve may bring you to a Blend Mode, the answer is easy and clear: the two results are identical by whatever sensible standard.<\/em><\/p>\n If you\u2019re interested in how this can be done, go and read the article<\/a> \u2013 the recipe is in there. Good luck, will I add \u2013 for it\u2019s not, I repeat, not<\/em> for the fraidy-cat. But after wondering why DB had sent me into the forest, I started seeing a thin line through the trees. And I thought \u2013 if it can be done with Blend Modes then it can be done with something else, possibly?<\/p>\n Enough of this. Let\u2019s dive straight in, sharks and all. Take a look at these pictures.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle admin_label=”Toggle – A Profile is a Curve” title=”A Profile is a Curve” open=”off”]<\/p>\n Left: the original (sRGB) \u2013 Center: sRGB, gamma 1.5 \u2013 Right: a curve emulating the false profile.<\/p><\/div>\n The picture on the left is a crop from a photograph which I\u2019ve chosen because it has both very bright highlights and very deep shadows. The original is tagged sRGB, hence it has a 2.2 gamma. At the center, the same picture with a false profile, sRGB, 1.5 gamma, and converted back to standard sRGB. On the right, the original treated with a curve which I built in an attempt to emulate the false profile.<\/p>\n The effect of the false profile is, of course, to lighten up the picture. In case this is not clear you should go and read the original article<\/a> by DB.<\/p>\n If you\u2019re curious which curve I\u2019ve used, you\u2019ve seen it in the second image of this post. Notice that the curve is not a regular Bezier curve, but something computer-generated which is loaded as a preset of a pencil-drawn curve (notice the small selected icon in the top left corner). I don\u2019t think there\u2019s a way on Earth to exactly match this curve with a Bezier shape especially because, if you look carefully, the very first segment of the curve in the deep shadows is linear. The curve you see is indeed made by two different curves<\/em> aptly joined. The reasons for this are complex and we\u2019ll discuss them later, but for now we can say this has a somewhat serious impact on the behaviour of false profiles in the shadows \u2013 and not just the shadows.<\/p>\n Can you see a difference between the central and rightmost picture? I can\u2019t, but maybe the differences are too tiny to be visible. Photoshop can help us, in these cases: what we need to do is make a two-layer document, overlay the two pictures we want to check and put the topmost layer in Difference Blend Mode. The result \u2013 and probably the less interesting image ever to appear in the RBG Blog \u2013 is this:<\/p>\n The difference between the rightmost and central image.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n The numerical difference between the two files is not due to an error in the process, but to rounding errors. The file we\u2019re working on is 8-bit: any operation, in principle, can cause a rounding error in the least significant bit, and we need two operations to obtain the central image: first, a false profile is assigned; second, the image is converted back to standard sRGB. One operation only is required\u00a0 to obtain the rightmost image: a Curve. Assigning and converting, as well as curving, can induce errors. If you don\u2019t believe it, try this: start from an sRGB image; duplicate it; convert the duplicate to Adobe RGB; convert it back to sRGB; take the difference of the resulting image and the original one. The result is of course black, but you can already see a deviation of 1 RGB point in each channel, randomly. Calling that \u201ca difference\u201d implies that we\u2019re relying purely on mathematics. From a visual point of view, though, it would be awkward to say that the doubly converted version shows a noticeable deviation from the original, simply because no human eye could ever see it.<\/p>\n Conclusion: by whatever sensible standard, the two images above (central and rightmost) are visually identical<\/em>. You can try this on 10, 50, 2000 images: if the result is constant (and it is, believe me) then the only possible conclusion is that the curve used to produce the rightmost image is a perfect emulation of the assignment of a false profile.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle admin_label=”Toggle – But is it Useful?” title=”But is it Useful?” open=”off”]<\/p>\n The question is, of course, whether there is any advantage in making a complex curve and use it as a substitute of a false profile. The answer is: in practice, no. But, as we\u2019ll see in the next parts of this article, there is a serious theoretical advantage: we can mimic very complex operations with curves and have the immediate visual feedback of what these operations do.<\/p>\n Consider also that in practice you would need a curve preset for:<\/p>\n In other words, if your scope is to convert sRGB and Adobe RGB files from their original gamma to 1.5 and 3.0 gamma, you would need four different presets: one for sRGB going from 2.2 gamma to 1.5, one for Adobe RGB going from 2.2 gamma to 1.5, and so on. A panel<\/a> like the one written by Giuliana Abbiati<\/strong> contains no less than 54 presets. These would need, in turn, 54 curves presets to be matched.<\/p>\n So, what we need to do is simply learn to visualize what complex operations involving false profiles will do: and we can do this simply by looking at the shape of a curve.<\/p>\n As a final word, the most important message in this article is that the United Kingdom certainly exists, and so do Wiltshire and Porton. While Porton<\/a> may not be the best place for an elderly lady to live, I admittedly have no idea whether Wye Close is a real street name in the village, nor I know if there\u2019s a bakery located at number 52. But, were it so, I would be totally astonished to discover that GCR lives above it.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column_inner][\/et_pb_row_inner][et_pb_row_inner][et_pb_column_inner type=”4_4″ saved_specialty_column_type=”3_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=”Text – part two” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” module_alignment=”left”]<\/p>\n Carrying it further: the curves used to mimic false profiles are shown and discussed, as well as the meaning of the gamma parameter. All in preparation for the final step \u2013 the horrendous reply to Davide Barranca\u2019s original question.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider admin_label=”Divider 10″ color=”#ffffff” show_divider=”off” height=”10″ \/][et_pb_toggle admin_label=”Toggle – Gamma Explained” title=”Gamma Explained” open=”off”]<\/p>\n Gamma is very often misunderstood, possibly because it is so incredibly powerful. It is just a number, but it defines the relationship between code value (in an 8-bit image, this means from 0 through 255) and luminance. If you want to put it as simply as possible, gamma is an exponent.<\/p>\n\n
\n
\n
Part Two | The meaning of \u201cgamma\u201d, how the thing works, and where the grays all<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/d3qibwwkc7urrh.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/28173200\/04_Gradient_2_2.jpg\")
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<\/a><\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/d3qibwwkc7urrh.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/28173155\/09_Gamma_Curve_1_5_on_1_8.jpg\")
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